@article {Levenson2016,
	title = {Quantifying micron-scale grain detachment during weathering experiments on limestone},
	journal = {Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta},
	volume = {173},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {86{\textendash}96},
	publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
	abstract = {<p style="text-align: left;">Weathering in carbonate rocks is often assumed to be governed by chemical dissolution. Nevertheless, chemical processes can be coupled to mechanical mechanisms, with small grains undergoing partial dissolution along grain boundaries, followed by detachment from the rock surface. Crucially, this process can even extend down to the micron-scale. Although chemo-mechanical detachment could be critical for the understanding of carbonate weathering at the global scale, the role it plays has not been directly quantified. To calculate the contribution of grain detachment to surface retreat rates, and to determine the impact of the flow regime, we carried out a series of flow-through weathering experiments on micritic limestone. Using atomic force microscopy, we obtained high resolution in situ data of surface topography for reacting rock surfaces. In all the experiments, both grain detachment and chemical dissolution were observed. Under the laminar flow conditions we explored, we found no clear correlation between flow rate and the size of detached grains, or between the flow rate and the frequency of grain detachment events. Importantly, our results establish that grain detachment contributes significantly to the overall surface retreat, on average accelerating mass loss by 38{\%}. In addition to speeding up weathering, this micron-scale mechanism could also influence the evolution of porosity in aquifers and hydrocarbon reservoirs, and provide a natural flux of colloids that could transport heavy metals or radionuclides in groundwater.</p>},
	isbn = {0016-7037},
	issn = {00167037},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gca.2015.10.024},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.10.024},
	author = {Levenson, Yael and Emmanuel, Simon}
}
@article {Oz2016,
	title = {Salt dissolution and sinkhole formation: Results of laboratory experiments},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {1{\textendash}17},
	keywords = {10.1002/2016JF003902 and salt, Dead Sea, dissolution, Laboratory experiment, sinkhole, Stratification},
	issn = {21699011},
	doi = {10.1002/2016JF003902.Received},
	author = {Oz, Imri and Eyal, Shalev and Yoseph, Yechieli and Ittai, Gavrieli and Elad, Levanon and Haim, Gvirtzman}
}
@article {Levanon2016,
	title = {Fluctuations of fresh-saline water interface and of water table induced by sea tides in unconfined aquifers},
	journal = {Advances in Water Resources},
	volume = {96},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {34{\textendash}42},
	publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
	abstract = {<p style="direction: ltr; text-align: left;">This study examines effects of tides on fluctuations of the fresh-saline water interface and the groundwater level in unconfined coastal aquifers using a two-dimensional numerical model. The time-lags of the simulated hydraulic heads and salinities fluctuations compared to sea level fluctuations are analyzed using cross-correlation analysis. The results show that both the fresh-saline water interface and the groundwater level are affected harmonically by sea tide fluctuations. However, significantly different time-lags are obtained between the hydraulic head in the deeper and upper parts of the aquifer, and between head and salinity in the fresh-saline water interface. The hydraulic head in the deeper part of the aquifer responses much faster to sea level fluctuations than in the upper part. Surprisingly, a similar difference is detected between the time-lag of the hydraulic head in the fresh-saline water interface and the time-lag of the salinity at the same location. Furthermore, the time-lag of the salinity in the fresh-saline water interface is similar to the time-lag of the water table. We suggest a comprehensive mechanism for tidal influence on the coastal groundwater system, in which two main processes act simultaneously. First, sea tide causes a pressure head wave which propagates into the saturated zone of the aquifer, governed by the diffusivity of the aquifer (Ks/Ss). Second, this pressure head wave is attenuated at the water table due to the unsaturated flow within the capillary fringe which occurs during groundwater level oscillations. Because the tidal forcing acts on the sea-floor boundary and the attenuation of the groundwater level due to capillary effect acts on the groundwater table, two dimensional distributions of time-lag and hydraulic head amplitude are created. The capillary effect in the unsaturated zone plays a key role not only in the water table fluctuations as shown previously, but also on the salinity fluctuations in the fresh-saline water interface. Unsaturated flow dynamics controls the actual movement of the entire fresh water body, which results in simultaneous fluctuations of the groundwater level and the fresh-saline water interface.</p>},
	keywords = {Coastal aquifer, Groundwater level fluctua, Sea tide},
	issn = {03091708},
	doi = {10.1016/j.advwatres.2016.06.013},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2016.06.013},
	author = {Levanon, Elad and Shalev, Eyal and Yechieli, Yoseph and Gvirtzman, Haim}
}
